Mighty Sun

SUN:Unlimited Source of Energy 

           

 

           Sun,star around which Earth and the other components of the solar                        system revolve. It is the dominant body of the system, constituting more than 99 percent         of its entire mass. The Sun is the source of an enormous amount of energy and the                basis of all power , a portion of which provides Earth with the light and heat necessary            to support life. The Sun is personified in many mythologies: the Greeks called                         it Helios and the Romans called it Sol.

 

        The Sun is classified as a G2 V star, with G2 standing for the second hottest stars of the         yellow G class—of surface temperature about 5,800 kelvins (K)—and the V representing         a main sequence, or dwarf, star, the typical star for this temperature class. The Sun                exists in the outer part of the  Milky Way Galaxy and was formed from material that had            been processed inside a Supernova.

 

         Index:

•           Our Sun
•           Profile
•       Sun as a star

•       Atmosphere

•  Photo sphere
•  Chromo sphere
•  Corona

 

• Internal Structure
• Core
• Radioactive Zone
•  Convective Zone

•  Magnetic activities
• Sun: Nuclear Powerhouse

 

 

           Physical Characteristics:

     

                   

            

                    

                    

                            

Parameter	Value
Mean Diameter	1.392 x 106     km
Equatorial Radius	6.955 x 105   km
Mass	1.989 x 1030 kg
Average Density	1.408 x 103 kg/m3
Equatorial Surface Gravity	274 m/s2
Temperature	5778 K
Luminosity	3.846 x 1026 w/m2
Escape Velocity	617.7 m/s2

1. Sun is 13,00,000 times larger than Earth. 109 Earth requires to cover Sun.
2.  Light takes 8.24 min. to reach Earth.
3.   It emits EM.

Rotation:

 

At equator: 25.05 day

At pole: 34.3 day

Rotation velocity: 7.189x10³ km/h

 

Rotation of sun in its different part varies. It is not similar to Earth.

 

        Atmospheric Layer:

                Sun has also an atmosphere with different layer like Earth.

 

                #Sun has 3 layers:

·                                 Photosphere

·                                 Chromosphere

·                                 Corona

 

          Photosphere:

        

    The photosphere is the deepest layer of the Sun that we can observe directly. It reaches from the         surface visible at the centre of the solar disk to about 250 miles (400 km) above that. The temperature         in the photosphere varies between about 6500 K and 4000 K. Most of the photosphere is covered by            granulation.

 

      Granulation: the rice-grain-like structure of the solar photosphere; granulation is                      produced by upwelling currents of gas that are slightly hotter, and therefore brighter, than         the surrounding regions, which are flowing downward into the Sun.

 

 

      Sun’s outer atmosphere is transparent, allowing us to look a short distance through it. But       when we try to look through the atmosphere deeper into the Sun, our view is                          blocked.The photosphere is the layer where the Sun becomes opaque and marks the              boundary past which we cannot see. The energy that emerges from the                                   photosphere was originally generated deep inside the Sun. This energy is in the form of           photons, which make their way slowly toward the solar surface.Outside the Sun, we can          observe only those photons that are emitted into the solar photosphere, where the density       of atoms is sufficiently low and the photons can finally escape from the Sun without                  colliding with another atom or ion.

      So, photons making their way through the Sun are constantly bumping into atoms,                  changing direction, working their way slowly outward, and becoming visible only when              they reach the atmosphere of the Sun where the density of atoms is too low to block their       outward progress.

     Astronomers have found that the solar atmosphere changes from almost perfectly                    transparent to almost completely opaque in a distance of just over 400 km; it is this thin          region that we call the photosphere, a word that comes from the Greek for “light sphere”.

     Observations with telescopes show that the photosphere has a mottled appearance,              resembling grains of rice spilled on a dark tablecloth or a pot of boiling oatmeal. This              structure of the photosphere is called granulation. Granules, which are typically 700 to         1000 km in diameter, appear as bright areas surrounded by narrow, darker (cooler)                 regions.The lifetime of an individual granule is only 5 to 10 minutes. Even larger are super      granules,which are about 35,000 km across (about the size of two Earths) and last about         24 hours.

     Chromosphere:

              The chromosphere is a layer in the Sun between about 250 miles (400 km) and 1300 miles (2100     km) above the solar surface i.e. photosphere. The temperature in the chromosphere varies between            about 4000 K and 8000 K, so in this layer (and higher layers) it actually gets hotter if you go further away     from the Sun, unlike in The lower layers, where it gets hotter if you go closer to the centre of the Sun.            Really properties of sun is unique and  interesting.

     Until this century, the chromosphere was visible only when the photosphere was                    concealed by the Moon during a total solar eclipse. In the seventeenth century, several         observers described what appeared to them as a narrow red “streak” or “fringe” around the      edge of the Moon during a brief instant after the Sun’s photosphere had been covered.            The name chromosphere, from the Greek for “colored sphere,” was given to this red           streak.

    Observations made during eclipses show that the chromosphere is about 2000 to 3000 km     thick, and its spectrum consists of bright emission lines, indicating that this layer is                 composed of hot gases emitting light at discrete wavelengths. The reddish colour of the         chromosphere arises from one of the strongest emission lines in the visible part of its             spectrum—the bright red line caused by hydrogen, the element that, as we have already        seen, dominates the composition of the Sun.

    #There is another region called Transition Region is found, where temperature of sun  increases                 rapidly.

    Corona:

 

The corona is the outermost layer of the Sun, starting at about 1300 miles (2100 km) above the             solar surface (the photosphere). The temperature in the corona is 500,000 K up to a few million K. The         corona cannot be seen with the naked eye except during a total solar eclipse, or with the use of a                 coronagraph. The corona does not have an upper limit.

    The corona extends millions of km above the photosphere and emits about half as                     much light as the full moon. The reason we don’t see this light until an eclipse occurs is the      overpowering brilliance of the photosphere. Just as bright city lights make it difficult to see      faint starlight, so too does the intense light from the photosphere hide the faint light from         the corona. While the best time to see the corona from Earth is during a total solar                 eclipse.

    Studies of its spectrum show the corona to be very low in density. At the bottom of the             corona, there are only about 10⁹ atoms/cm³, compared with about 10¹⁶ atoms/cm³ in the        upper photosphere. The corona thins out very rapidly at greater heights, where it                     corresponds to a high vacuum by Earth laboratory standards. The corona extends so far         into space—far past Earth—that here on our planet, we are technically living in the Sun’s         atmosphere.

    #Fact: Surprisingly the name of the virus which locked down the whole world this year is                     similar to name of the outermost layer of sun’s atmosphere.

    Internal Structure:

    Core:

          The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the centre to about 0.2 to 0.25 of solar radius.It is          the hottest part of the Sun and of the Solar System. It has a density of 150 g/cm³ at the centre, and a          temperature of 15 million kelvins. The core inside 0.20 of the solar radii contains 34% of the Sun's               mass,but only 0.8% of the Sun's volume. Inside the 0.24 solar radius is the core which generates 99%          of the fusion power of the Sun.

 

    Radioactive Zone:

            The Sun's radiative zone is the section of the solar interior between the innermost core and the            outer convective zone. In the radiative zone, energy generated by nuclear fusion in the core moves            outward as electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the energy is conveyed by photons. When the            energy reaches the top of the radiative zone, it begins to move in a different fashion in the convective        zone. In the convective zone, heat and energy are carried outward along with matter in swirling flows        called convection cells.

    The inner parts of the Sun (core and radiative zone) spin differently than the outer layers (convective             zone). The boundary between these two types of rotation, which lies between the radiative and                    convective zones, is called the tachocline.

 

    Convective Zone:

          It is made out of plasma. The convective zone, like the rest of the Sun, is made up            entirely of plasma. A plasma is a 'gas' that conducts electrical currents, just like a wire            does. The 'gas' contained in neon light bulbs is a plasma for example. The plasma in the         convective zone is mainly made up of hydrogen (70% by mass), helium (27.7% by mass)        plus small quantities of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.

    It is convecting (boiling). As we have seen above, the bottom of the convection zone is            heated by the radiations coming out of the radiative zone, a bit like a room is heated by a        radiator. The temperature at the bottom of the convection zone is 200,000° C. At the                same time the top of the convection zone is being cooled by the creation of light. The                temperature at the surface is only about 5700° C. Thus, there exist a large temperature            difference between the base and the surface of the convection zone.

 

 

 

    SUN: Nuclear Powerhouse:

 

     The Sun puts out an incomprehensible amount of energy—so much that its ultraviolet             radiation can cause sunburns from 93 million miles away. Evidence shows that the Sun         formed about 4.5 billion years ago and has been shining ever since. How can the Sun                   produce so much energy for so long?

    The Sun’s energy output is about 4 × 10²⁶ watts. This is unimaginably bright: brighter than     a trillion cities together each with a trillion 100-watt light bulbs. The total amount of energy         produced over the entire life of the Sun is staggering, since the Sun has been shining for         billions of years. Scientists were unable to explain the seemingly unlimited energy of stars        like the Sun prior to the twentieth century.

    When striving to understand how the Sun can put out so much energy for so long,                    scientists considered many different types of energy. Nineteenth-century scientists knew of     two possible sources for the Sun’s energy: chemical and gravitational energy. The source of     chemical energy most familiar to them was the burning (oxidation) of wood, coal, gasoline,     or other fuel. We know exactly how much energy the burning of these materials can                 produce. However, we know from geologic evidence that water was present on Earth’s            surface nearly 4 billion years ago, so the Sun must have been shining brightly (and making     Earth warm) at least as long as that.

    Conservation of Energy:

    Other nineteenth-century attempts to determine what makes the Sun shine used the law of     conservation of energy. Simply stated, this law says that “Energy cannot be created or         destroyed, but can be transformed from one type to another, such as from heat to                    mechanical energy”. The steam engine, which was key to the Industrial Revolution,                 provides a good example. In this type of engine, the hot steam from a boiler drives the             movement of a piston, converting heat energy into motion energy.

 

    Gravitational Contraction as a Source of Energy

    If we assume that the Sun began its life as a large, diffuse cloud of gas, then we can                calculate how much energy has been radiated by the Sun during its entire lifetime as it has     contracted from a very large diameter to its present size. The amount of energy is on the         order of 10⁴² joules. Since the solar luminosity is 4 × 10²⁶ watts (joules/second) or about        10³⁴ joules per year, contraction could keep the Sun shining at its present rate for roughly       100 million years.

    It was only in the twentieth century that the true source of the Sun’s energy was identified.        The two key pieces of information required to solve the puzzle were the structure of the            nucleus of the atom and the fact that mass can be converted into energy.

    To imagine what would happen if this hypothesis were true, picture the outer layer of the         Sun starting to fall inward. This outer layer is a gas made up of individual atoms, all                moving about in random directions. If a layer falls inward, the atoms acquire an  additional     speed because of falling motion. As the outer layer falls inward, it also  contracts, moving        the atoms closer together. The temperature of a gas is a measure of the kinetic                        energy (motion) of the atoms within it; hence, the temperature of this layer of the Sun             increases. Collisions also excite electrons within the atoms to higher-energy orbits. When        these electrons return to their normal orbits, they emit photons, which can then escape             from the Sun Kelvin and Helmholtz calculated that a contraction of the Sun at a rate of only     about 40 meters per year would be enough to produce the amount of energy that it is now     radiating. Over the span of human history,the decrease in the Sun’s size from such a                slow  contraction would be undetectable.

 

        # Thanks, see you soon. 🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞🌞

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Impact of Lock down on Environment

Pros of Lock-down

                     Nature is an integral system connected together seamlessly. We can see         by the symbiotic relationships in the mineral, plant and animal levels that they         act to benefit and balance the entire system. Nothing is redundant and                    everything has an important role to play. The mineral, plant and animal levels        do not calculate self benefit, although they have survival instincts imprinted in        them at birth.

        Nowadays corona virus is the headache for human life. The positive cases of                                 Corona are increasing exponentially day by day. It took life of more than 30 millions of                          people (till now) and also make employees jobless. Economy of countries is decreased                          drastically.

                                               Environmentalists are trying to secure an Eco-friendly world for many               decades through movements, conferences, environmental activities etc. but           almost their all efforts have ended in the smoke. Meanwhile, the earth has taken       stern measures to rejuvenate herself from pollution and contamination, factories         are being shut down,footprints  have been extensively cancelled, travel is being discouraged     and hygiene has become the topmost priority. We have been bought to our knees very   gently and are being forced to recognize our fundamental imbalance with nature    through this pandemic.If not for humans, this virus will  definitely do  wonders for nature,            finally  giving it some break that we didn’t, even when the Amazon  Jungle burned for days          and the Australian bush fires went on and on.

            For once, nobody is fighting over religion and trade policies because finally, we’re                      viewing something like a common enemy, waging war against a common cause. Which makes   me wonder why we cannot do the same for climate change  which really is the  bigger common   enemy and has been around for years now…

          "Due to the COVID-19 lock down, wild animals are able to explore areas of        their habitat that humans have encroached and taken over while domestic                  animals that are dependent on people suffer shortage of food supply," 

·                 "Lock down is certainly a boon for nature and gives Mother Nature a chance to   repair herself while giving her rivers, soil, animals a little reprieve from the     constant pounding and beating that humans subject them to,

·                 "Indiscriminate deforestation, mining, pollution of rivers and oceans, and

  consumption of wild animals has resulted in this pandemic without doubt. Such      unsustainable and continuous harvest of nature can result in nothing else

        It is time to re-evaluate our relationship with nature.

            Till now the journey of the year 2020 is very frightful. With a new hope        and joy people welcome the new leap year 2020 but all the smiling faces            became dull day by day with the progress of the year 2020. People who are        planning for world tour are locked-down inside home. Who are think about         promotion, loose their job due to COVID-19. This people are fighting with an     invisible enemy Corona; we haven’t seen such a dangerous pandemic earlier.     None of us ever thought that the busy and crowded cities of world will be shut     down. This year is very crucial for us, we have to take care of us and our            family.

            As we know each negative thing has a positive side, as life is balanced.    Advantage and Disadvantage are like two sides of a coin. This year show           mercy on environment. After the Bush Fire of Australia, lock down period           gave human-life a chance for restructure of the environment. A collective           effort from us can build a Green Earth.

 

           There are a number of major wildlife projects in play now in India like            conservation and reforestation projects, wildlife rescue, conflict mitigation,         refusal to ride elephants, public education and awareness, and leopard, bear     and tiger conservation projects, but there is so much more still to be done.

    Here I have discussed about improvement in the rivers and mountains.

 

   #River:

    

    Water of river Ganga has been found fit enough for drinking purposes     after decades, revealed recent research by Indian Institute of Technology,      Roorkee. Department of environmental engineering said, “Tests conducted by  our scientists and experts revealed that water of the river Ganga from Dev     Prayag to Har ki Pairi falls under ‘A’ category defined by Central Pollution     Control Board. The results, after testing the waters of the river on 28     parameters of Bureau of Indian Standards declared it fit for drinking.”

     “Since the lock down🔐, anthropological activities in the vicinity of river have dropped to zero.

 

This has enabled the river to breathe.

        The institution was assigned by IIT Kanpur with the task to test the water of the river from Devprayag in Uttarkashi district to Har ki Pairi in Haridwar by the National Mission for Clean Ganga.

         The results indicated that there are no bacteria in terms of MPN/100ml      which identifies the quantity of bacteria commonly referred to as faecal           coliform, which is an indicator for contamination.

        Also, biochemical oxygen level fell below 3mg/Litres which is an indicator   of good quality water, while a high BOD indicates polluted water.

    However, chlorination is advised before the water of the river to be used for drinking.

    Now the water of river may be flow with real joy and happiness. The movement of water bodies seems to be more charm and pretty. Indians has got a chance to see Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari , kaberi (Triveni Sangam) are now full of fresh water after a prolonged period of time.

Life aquatic animal are is became heaven.After many years, the marine animals have come back to the shore without any fear.

 

   🌄Mountain:

     

       With a ginormous reduction in the number of vehicles on the streets,          and emissions from factories and industries also witnessing a significant             drop, air quality across India has seen a drastic improvement. The                     changes have been particularly pleasant for the north Indian cities, which         used to remain heavily polluted for most part of the year due to a                         combination of meteorological  factors and human activities.

        This drop-in pollution levels have not just made the air we breathe                   healthier, but also clearer, effectively resulting in much-improved visibility. For     some, this air clarity has worked nothing short of wonders.

        Take for instance the people residing in some select few areas across           northern India who, on one morning, suddenly woke up to the sight of the           mighty Himalayas!

        Yes, that’s right. Thanks to the improvement in air quality, the Himalayan       ranges are now visible to residents of the areas close-by: Saharanpur and       Bahraich in Uttar Pradesh, Sitamarhi in Bihar, and multiple locations across    Punjab, to name a few. Residents of some of these regions recall that such        beautiful sight was absent for the past several decades.

       The pollution free blue sky spread positivity around us with a calm, quiet       and clean sky. When people take fresh air, it recalls our ancient days.In China, satellite images from NASA and the European Space Agency have revealed a significant drop in NO2 gas pollution from December to March (France 24). In New York scientists at Columbia University reported, CO2 emission plummets to 5-10% this week, as traffic level fell down to 35%. The CO emissions have also dropped to 50% in some regions.

Thank You